Heart Attack, or Myocardial infarction and sign and symptoms, Diagnosis, treatment

 Myocardial infarction 

A Condition characterised by  death of cardiac tissue due to disturbed or obstructed blood supply is termed Myocardial Infarction (MI) or Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) or Heart Attack. 

It can also be described as a irreversible death of heart cells due to ischemic.

Image of heart attack 

Myocardial infarction characterised by Many symptoms. Although, chest pain is the major symptoms among all: 

Myocardial infarction is also confirmed biochemistry laboratory changes, Electrocardiogram ( ECG) change or the findings on imaging modalities detecting Myocardial injury and necrosis. 

Types of Myocardial infarction 

Depending on clinical diagnosis information, MI  is the following types; 

1.) Types 1:  This types of result of ischemia caused by primary coronary event, e.g. plaque repture, thrombotic occlusion.

2.) Types 2: This types of secondary to ischemic caused by a supply and demand mismatch.

3.) Types 3: This types result in sudden cardiac death.

4.) Types 4: This types is further categorised into types 4a Myocardial Infarction associated with percutaneous coronary intervention, and types 4b MI associated with in stent thrombosis.

5.) Types 5:  This types is associated with coronary artery bypass surgery.

Why are heart attack ? 

MI or heat attack is common caused by repture of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery, followed by spasm and thrombus formation. Some other causes are:

Damage of coronary artery or Myocardial infection

1. Ventricular hypertrophy
2. Coronary artery vasospasm
3.  hyproxia
4.  Arteritis 
5. Coronary artery emboli 
6. Cocaine, amphetamine and ephedrine poisoning,
7. Coronary anomalies
8. Aortic dissection with retrograde involvement of coronary artery
9. Increase aferload or inotropic effect, which increases the demand on Myocardium.  

Signs & symptoms

1. Suddenly chest pain ( radiating to the left arm or left side of the neck)
2. Shortness of breath
3. Anxiety
4. Sweating
5. Palpitations or tremors
6. Nausea and vomiting 

Diagnosis of heat attack

This involved the clinical diagnosis by the doctor ( on the basic of symptoms experienced by the patient ) and the some confirmatory tests, as give below: 

1. Clinical diagnosis: doctor while checking a patient during the regular physical exams should be properly look from the risk factor of heart Attack by listening heart and lung  sound using a stethoscope . the doctor should be also ask the patient medical history and whether and family members have a history of any heart problem.

2. Confirmatory tests: following tests are conducted to confirm whether the sign and symptoms indicate a heart attack or any other condition.

i.) Chest Xray: the doctor can check the heart size, blood vessels , and pressure of any fluid in the lungs with an x-ray image of the patient chest.

ii.) Electrocardiogram: in this taste, the heart electrical activity is recorded by attaching electrodes to the patient's skin. the develop the impulses are recorded as waves that are displayed on monitor or printed on a peper . it can be conclude from an ECG report that a heart attack has occurred or is about to occurs because damage heart muscles conduct  abnormal electrical impulses.

iii.) Coronary catheterisation ( Angiogram) :  narrowing or blockage can be checked through this test. A liquid dye is filled in a catheter that is fed through an artery, usually in leg are groin to the arteries in the heart. The dye blockage area the gradually fill the the arteries making them visible on X-Ray and showing the blockage the area . additionally while the catheter is in position , doctor may be a blockage by performing an angioplasty also known as coronary artery balloon dilation, balloon angioplasty and percutaneous coronary intervention.

 

vi.) CT scan:  in this test the patient is  asked to lie on a table which move inside a doughnut-shaped machine with an x ray tube which rotate around the body collection image of heart and chest.

v.) Magnetic resonance image ( MRI ): in this test the patient is asked to lie on a table inside a long tube light machine producing a magnetic field with aligns atomic particles in some of the cells.  when the radio wave are broadcast   towards in these aligned  particle, signals varying according to the type of tissue  are produced which also create heart image.

Treatment of Myocardial infarction

Heart attack  are treated in emergency room. The blocked artery of heart are treated by performing a surgical  procedure called angioplasty.  in which the surgeon insert a catheter with a small balloon through the blockage artery and inflates it to expand the artery . These restart the normal blood flow.  Angioplastic can be also performance by placing a stent in the blocked artery which holds  open the arteries and prevent it from getting blocked again.

 A part angioplasty, a heart attack patient also requires the following medication:

1. Blood thinner ( Aspirin): Tese  break the blood clot in the arteries to resume  normal Blood flow.

2. Thrombolytic: these dissolve the clots.

3. Antiplatelet Drugs ( clopidogrel) : these  prevent the formation of new clots and  growth of existing clots.

4. Nitroglycerine: It widens  blood vessels.

5. Beta blocker: these lower blood pressure and relax the heart muscles which may reduce the damage severity.

6. ACE inhibition: these lower blood pressure and reduce stress on heart.

7: pain Relief: These relieve the patient from any discomfort.